Tri Test!!

CYCLE OF THE HERO-Call to adventure-
Beowulf goes to Denmark to fight Grendel, this monster, that he hears about from the people. He vounlteers himself to fight the monster so he could be the hero.
Helper-
He doesn't have helpers when he is fighting the the monsters. But the men and the king help him get ready for the adventure
Threshold of Adventure-
This is where he fights Grendel. Grendel comes and starts killing everyone, but Beowulf gets a hold of his arm and rips it off. Grendel goes back to his cave and bleeds to death.
Tests-
Helpers-
The sword is giving to Beowulf by Unferth. Its strong and powerful
Triumph-
It is where Grendel's mom finds about Grendel's death and comes to kill the danish men. He is asked to go kill her. He goes to her cave underwater he tries to use the sword, but it doesn't work. He then sees a sword on the wall that he know will kill her. He kill her and cuts off her head bringing it back so everyone can see.
Flight-
It is when his men and him go back home. They are filled with victory in their heart and teasures in their hand. He is then crowned king to Greatland. He is the king for fifty years.
Threshold Struggle-
This is where he kills the dragon. He knows he has to kill the dragon before his life his over. Some man stole treasure from the dragon and he is very upset. He burns houses down and kills men.He gets help from a soldier named Wiglaf. In the end they kill him, but Beowulf gets stabbed and dies.
Elixir-
In the end he dies. He is asked to be buried high about the country so everyone can see. He is buried with all his treasures and his memories he gave to his people.

LITERARY ARCHYETYPES-

(GILGAMESH)----Literary ArchetypesHero/Antihero- Gilgamesh is both the hero and the antihero. He is a hero because he shoes lots of courage and strength. He kills Humbaba which take a lot of courage to stand up against such a powerful person. He is a hero also because his people think that he is an amazing king. They see that everything he does is never wrong. They agree with his actions toward everything. He also has a lot of determination. He so badly wants to find quest for immorality that he goes a on very long journey and he doesn't care what he has to do to get there.Gilgamesh also though can be a antihero as well. He is an antihero because after Enkidu died he lost everything. His hope, faith, and views. He was a complete mess. On his journey alls he did was stumble along. He would greive and sleep. He just walked around.Wise Fool- The wise fool in this book is Utnapishtim. It tells us that he is very wise and smart. Only Utnapishtim knows the quest for immorality. He shares these views with Gilgamesh. He says that being immortal or like the gods is not so great. Basically hes saying its not what you all expect it to be.The Devil Figure- The devil figure is Ishtar. I think this because she seems as if she has very mean characteristics. First she wants to wipe out all of mankind with The Bull of Heaven (a drought) by having her father send it. She also wants Gilgamesh to die because he rufused to marry her. I think she goes off her emotions. When shes mad; she wants people to pay for it. She wants mankind gone, forever.The Outcast- The outcast here is Enkidu. During the whole story, he is outcasted a lot, even when he was with the animals. The town, Uruk, outcasts him because he runs with the animals, and also because he's a man, but a wild man.After the hunter tells gilgamesh to send a prostitute to sleep with Enkidu; the animals now make Enkidu and outcast. They make him feel shameful for what he has done. Enkidu dies early in the book, but when he dies, its the only place where he fitted in, with Gilgamesh.The Double- I think immorality is the double. It has its good and its bad. Immorality is good for some reasons. It can bring back people from the dead and also it can give people to live forever! But once you have immorality it's not as great as you think. It can cause lonlieness, as Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that he is so lonly because all his people were wiped out in the Great Flood. Immorality lets you live forever, theres no going back to it. You can never be laid at rest.The Scapegoat-Enkidu in the books shows as a sacrifice. The gods say that either Gilgamesh or Enkidu has to die because they killed the Bull of Heaven and also Humbaba. They say that Enkidu as to die because Gilgamesh is a king and also two thirds god. So that makes Enkidu die, he is the sacrifice. Enkidu knows that he is the one that is going to die. He puts up with it. He accepts it. While is taking final last breaths of air, he talks about how he is sad that the prostitute took away his innecence and how he actually fit in with the animals.The Temptress- The temptress i think is the prostitute. She's beautiful and she draws people in, she drew Enkidu in and he slept with her. She's an evil person because she took Enkidu's innoncence away. She made him become a man and made him become a man in the socitiey. If she hadn't slept with him, he would probably still be alive.The Good Mother- There could be two woman figures that could be the good mother role. First is Ninsun. She is the the real mother of Gilgamesh. She is there mentaly, but she isn't there physicaly for her son. The barmaid, Siduri, is there physically for Gilgamesh she rubs his back, bathes him, clothes him, feeds him, and lets him sleep and grieve for Enkidu. She is just like a mother.

TRAGIC MAN-

(HAMLET)--

One of Hamlet's more obvious traits as a tragic hero is his unquestionable wisdom and his explicit smarts, two traits that are portrayed through Hamlet's actions and words from the beginning of the play to its very end. Hamlet is a man of superior intellect who, even when confronted by confusing and disturbing events, manages to express himself with a level of language that is superior to the working man's. Hamlet even manages to describe his unhappiness with mankind in the following passage while keeping his usual high level of diction.

That Hamlet is more cunning than the average man is no lie. Another aspect which is less obvious is his detailed examination surrounding his father's untimely death. Hamlet has a conscience and does not wish to kill an innocent man because he believes that the ghost and its message could still be an attempt by the devil to lure him to eternal damnation. Hamlet even changes lines in The Murder Of Gonzago, lines that would surely affect a man who had murdered a king. Hamlet's hopes about the play's effect are made evident in the closing lines of Act 2.

Another element that adds to Hamlet's brilliant portrayal of a tragic hero is his acute and intense power of feeling. The reader/spectator is fully aware of Hamlet's sense of feeling through "the impassioned poetic diction peculiar to great tragedy" (Detmold). Hamlet is constantly analyzing his emotions and although he is mostly play-acting with the other characters in the play, the only time that his true feelings are fully exposed and analyzed lies in the numerous, yet awe inspiring soliloquies. Especially evident in these are Hamlet's all-too-obvious opinions on his mother's hasty incestuous marriage to Claudius, his uncle.

Whether Hamlet analyzes his feelings towards his mother's marriage or contemplates suicide in his to be, or not to be speech, we can be sure that a complex and detailed explanation of Hamlet will be revealed, with each making him into a greater tragic hero every time.The third and most important piece that defines a tragic hero is teh display of intense willpower, shown through his inability to compromise his mission. This trait is, however, one that Hamlet masters. Some may question Hamlet's willpower on grounds that "he should require approximately three months" (Detmold) to complete his mission of murder. Hamlet is a man driven by his conscience and morality and therefore does not wish to murder an innocent man. Once it is proven that Claudius is not innocent, Hamlet will continue with his mission. His first attempt on the king's life is delayed since Hamlet believed Claudius was confessing his sins. Hamlet, being an honorable man, believed he could not murder a man in such a position fearing that he would be sent to heaven in an honorable way. Hamlet will thus wait until Claudius is caught doing evil deeds. Another proof of Hamlet's intense willpower is his inherent inability to compromise on the subject of his quest. Hamlet will not rest until the deed is accomplished and Claudius is laid to rest. It is for these reasons that the third part of a tragic hero, intense willpower, is probably the most important aspect of a tragic hero because willpower is what keeps Hamlet on course, never straying far from his mission of freeing Denmark of its shameful king.Although Hamlet's cinematic and theatrical counterparts may sometimes prove to be inadequate or less than satisfactory, the play itself is quite possibly one of Shakespeare's finest creations partly due to a hyper-accurate rendering of the tragic hero through Hamlet, a man of unquestionable intelligence, a man whose willpower and intensity, as well as his acute sense of feeling, has led to render Hamlet as one of Shakespeare's greatest heroes and consequently, one of the most memorable plays in the history of English literature.

Not only does he begin with the noblest motivations (to punish his father’s murderer) but by the end, his situation is do dire that the only plausible final act should be his death. Like the classical tragic hero, Hamlet does not survive to see the full outcome of his actions and more importantly, this is because he possesses a tragic flaw.





Belief in his own freedom-
Hamlet knows that he has no one in his live. Everyone that he cared about in his life backstabbed him. His uncle killing his father and marrying his mother. His mother letting his uncle swon her and marrying her uncle. Everyone has died except Horation. He knows that no will help him and he has to make his decsions on his own. He must face life that is ahead of him. And he is willing to accept that.
Supreme Pride-
You are drawn to him in the first page you read. This man has gone through so many struggles and you want to know about him. He thinks he is better than anyone else. He thinks he knows who should die and live. But he also respects God and the religion of other people
Capacity for Suffering-
He wants to help his father in killing Claudius, but he knows its wrong. He goes back and forth in the story if he should do it. He isn't insane in the beginning, but at the end of the book all the guilt builds up. He also has to lie to Ophelia to make sure he stays on track of killing Claudius. He is deeply hurt by it, but he knows he did the right thing. He isn't afraid of death. He knows what he has to do and if what he does do ends up himself being killed then so be it.
Sense of Commitment-
After he finds out that Claudius killed his father so he could be king and that the ghost is his father he makes a decision to kill Claudius. He makes a commitment to kill him. Even though he goes back and forth of it he knows it has to be done. He could just leave it alone and be happy for Claudis and his mother, but he knows that wouldn't be what his father wanted. And he wants to respect his father.
Bigorous Protest-
You see him go through so much pain right at the beginning of the story. His father is dead and he finds out that his uncle killed him. His mother marries him and then because of his pain his mother kills herself. Also, Ophelia kills herself, the one girl that he truly loved. He has to kill his uncle in order to respect his father's wishes, even though he doesn't like it. He wishes God would help him and tell him what to do and take a load off of him.
Transfiguration-
Hamlet understands that he has to take revenge on someone because of his father that he truly loves. He knows life pretty well. And has a good head on his shoulders about life. He knows that he has no one left and that he has to take life on his own. He is well respected towards the people and leaves a sense of pride and accolmplsihment.
Impact-
When he dies he leaves his story for Horatio to tell. Wanting him to tell everyone what really happen in the story. You finally see all the hurt that he went through to kill Claudius. Everyone in the play that is living is better understand what he went through to help out one of his love one. And reading this you understand him know and really get emotionally attached.

HERO QUALITIES-

(ODYSSEUS)---Hero qualities back then are a lot different and also similar in the 21st century. In the days then, I think that they had different priorities in their lives. Some similarities in hero traits are: fighting for what you think is right, coming back to the people you love, and also being able to make the right decions and making the right choices.
Odysseus fights for what he believes his right or fights until he gets what he wants. Every hero back in the day and also to this day; fights until they can’t anymore. Odysseus says this when he is fighting “The wind that carried west from Ilion brought me to Ismaros, on the far shore, a strongpoint on the coast of the Kikones. I stormed that place and killed the men who fought. Plunder we took, and we enslaved the women, to make division, equal shares to all.” This quote is when Odysseus is talking about his battle at Troy. Odysseus goes through a lot of obstacles; like when he has to go to Hades and sacrifice a ram to bring back Elpenor, or when his men opens the bag of winds and lets all the wind out which sends them all the way back, and also when he has to go get Circes to undo her magical powers on his men (who are pigs). There were so many people and gods he had to get through to be able to get back home. In today’s movies and heroes that you imagine; you always see the certain man always fighting the “bad” people or he is usually doing whatever it takes to get what he wants or needs. Fighting for what you believe in is definitely a trait that is represented today and also a long time ago.
Odysseus in the book shows a man that is so in love with his wife that he would travel forever, just to get back to his loved ones at home. That right there, to me, is a big hero trait. He’s so in love that he would risk his life for anything. In the present day, every hero usually has the love of his life that he needs to get back to or to save. In this case Odysseus is trying to get back to his wife, Penelope; his son, Telemachus; and also his title, as king. When he thinks the time is right he says to Eurycleia to, “Go down at once and tell the lady Penelope that I am back from Pylos safe and sound.” He’s so excited to be able to finally see her. Love is a hero trait that you see everywhere, anytime, and any year. No matter how long ago it was.
In the book it shows a lot of examples where Odysseus always has to make choices. Choices that could turn out very badly or they could turn out to be good. In present day and back then, every hero has to make choices that sometimes were not easy. Like how Odysseus had to make choices about whether or not to leave the island of Circes; or when he has to fight the one-eyed Cyclops.
All hero traits are not the same as they are today. For example at the end of the book when Odysseus (the hero) orders all the women to be killed; that was unfaithful to him. He also killed all those men. In today’s hero traits, you don’t see a lot of heroes killing just because the bad people did something wrong. I think that what Odysseus did was not human. His emotions at that moment were of course going crazy with all the things that were going on, but that still doesn’t give you the excuse to kill them all, especially the woman. They just thought that Odysseus was dead and not coming back.
Another event that is not the same is how Odysseus kind of only thinks about himself. Heroes today usually think about everyone first and then they think about themselves. Odysseus, even though he was a hero, was really selfish at times. He didn’t listen to his men when they wanted to get off the island; he got off when he thought it was proper and when he wanted to. Back then there were so many Gods and Goddesses. They were always telling the mortals what to do and they were always helping the people out a lot. They were helping them become heroes mostly. In today’s society instead of having Gods or Goddesses telling what to do or by having them help us, we use our own self conscious. Our own bodies tell us what to do when there is a problem. Even though they might not be the best choices for us, it is the only resource we have for becoming a hero.

THEMES-

(GILGAMESH)---

hereos campion-

Enkidu is Gilgamesh’s dearest companion, his equal, his soul-mate. Everything that they do, they do together. That is why Gilgamesh was so upset when Enkidu died. they both have different characteristics. When you put them togother they balance eachother out and helpt eachother out. “He turned to Enkidu who leaned against his shoulder and looked into his eyes and saw himself in the other, just as Enkidu saw himself in Gilgamesh. In the silence of the people they began to laugh and clutched each other in their breathless exaltation.” (pg. 24, Gilgamesh) In every hero story, the hero always has a partner in crime. like Shrek and donkey, scooby do and shaggy, batman and robin, winnie the poo and piglet.

The common flood story:

Utnapishtim’s story about the flood is very similar to and parallel to the story of Noah’s Arc. The gods decided to send a great flood down on men because men were searching to be like the gods; searching for immortality and defying their natural or human conditions. For this, the gods see it fit to remind men of their place on Earth, and that’s when they send the floods. Utnapishtim is warned about the flood by Ea, though, because he is a man not desiring immortality. Therefore, when the flood is over and Utnapishtim and his family survive the flood in a giant boat built by Utnapishtim for the duration of the flood, the gods “choose” him to be like the gods and make him immortal merely because he had no desire of it in the first place.“The war god touched my forehead; he blessed my family and said: before this you were just a man, but now you and your wife shall be like gods. You shall live in the distance at the rivers’ mouth, at the source. I allowed myself to be taken far way from all that I had seen. Sometimes even in love we yearn to leave mankind. Only the loneliness of the Only One who never acts like gods is bearable.” (pg. 79, Gilgamesh)

Love:

These two characters are just like soul mates. They actually are though. they are so in love, as friends though. Just like how i love my bestfriends. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh is so upset, he feels there is no reason to live anymore. just like if when of my best friends would die, i would be in so much agony and i would probably feel the same as gilgamesh.“Don’t be afraid, said Gilgamesh. We are together. There is nothing we should fear.” (pg. 28, Gilgamesh)Pessimistic and optimistic:“I think compassion is our God’s pure act which burns forever, and be it in Heaven or in Hell doesn’t matter for me; because Hell is the everlasting gift of His presence to the lonely heart who is longing amidst perishing phantoms and doesn’t care to find any immortality if not in the pure loneliness of the Holy One, this loneliness which he enjoys forever inside and outside of His creation. It is enough for one who loves to find his Only One singled in Himself. And that is the cup of immortality!” (pg. 74, 75, Gilgamesh)

Loss of innocence:

When the hunter tells the boy to go and visit gilgamesh and tell him to send a prostitue to sleep with enkidu, he does. The prostitute saduces Enkidu and sleeps with him. at that point that is when Enkidu losses his innocence.“He became bitter in his tone again: because of her. She made me see things as a man, and a man sees death in things. That is what it is to be a man. You’ll know when you have lost the strength to see the way you once did.” (pg. 49, Gilgamesh)

Gods relationship with mortals:

The gods intervene two major times in Gilgamesh. Once when Ishtar and Anu send the Bull of Heaven down on Earth and after Gilgamesh, and another time when the gods send a great flood down on the mortals “But a little hunger will replace their arrogance with new desire. Then Anu acceded to her wish. The Bull of Heaven descended to the earth and killed at once three hundred men, and then attacked King Gilgamesh.” (pg. 45, Gilgamesh)

Legacy:

“He looked at the walls, awed at the heights his people achieved and for a moment-just a moment- all that lay behind him passed from view.” (pg. 92, Gilgamesh)

(THEBAN PLAYS)--

Proper Burial of the dead:

Antigone believes her brother should be put to rest the right way. Even if she does go against everything the king has said. pg:127,140Individual vs.

State:

When Antigone goes against the king she is one person against the law and everything that is illegal. pg:127,138Hubris:Creon has great pride when he rules. It is partly what brings him to his destruction. He believes that what he says is what you will do no matter what. and if not you will be punished.pg:133,146x3

Purpose of the Prophecy:

The purpose of the prophecy is to let everyone know what is going to happen to them at some point in their life. In King Oedipus, Oedipus is told he is going to kill his father and marry his mother yet he refuses to believe that and does everything he can to try to make it not happen. It doesn't work and the prophecy becomes true. pg:47, theban legend

The Blind See:

Tiresias is the blind man and he is the one who sees everything. He knows what is going on at all times and is the only one who can give and correct information about who everyone is and what they did. pg:37,38Loyalty:Antigone is loyal to her brother and wants to give him the burial he deserves. pg:127,128 topOedipus is loyal to his country by giving himself the same punishment he would have given a towns person. pg:65-66

Free will vs. fate:

Oedipus doesn't believe that the gods have a say in what he does with his life. He thinks that he has escaped the prophecy but really he ran right into it. He doesn't believe in fate he thinks that he has all the free will in the world. pg:68,62

Ritual:

Proper burial of the dead. pg:128,129Integrity:I think that both Oedipus and Antigone show integrity. Oedipus is honest and fair. He punishes himself just as anyone else would do. Antigone has character and is willing to stand up for what she believes in. she is strong in her opinion and doesn't fight but states her opinion with honesty and fairness. pg:141,140 about love. 63

machiavellianis

adjective
1.
of, like, or befitting Machiavelli.
2.
being or acting in accordance with the principles of government analyzed in Machiavelli's The Prince, in which political expediency is placed above morality and the use of craft and deceit to maintain the authority and carry out the policies of a ruler is described.
3.
characterized by subtle or unscrupulous cunning, deception, expediency, or dishonesty: He resorted to Machiavellian tactics in order to get ahead.
–noun
4.
a follower of the principles analyzed or described in The Prince, esp. with reference to techniques of political manipulation.

act 5

Hamlet returns to England and passing through Ophelia's graveyard. Hamlet is aghast and melancholy toward his lover's death. A lord asks whether Hamlet will come to the duel that establishes by Claudius or not. Hamlet consents and perceives there must be one of them, Hamlet or Laertes, to die in order to end the vendetta. Hamlet thought Laertes is a mirror of himself since both of them want to retaliate for their fathers: “” (Act V, Scene 1) In the march, Laertes changes the fake sword to real and Claudius put venom into the wine. When Hamlet wins the first and second hit, Claudius asks Hamlet to drink the win to celebrate his success in the beginning. However, Gertrude drinks the poisoned wine for Hamlet: “The queen carouses to thy fortune, / Hamlet.” (Act IV, Scene 2) In this moment, Laertes wounds Hamlet with the poisoned sword, and in scuffling, Hamlet gets the poisoned sword accidentally and he wounds Laertes all. While, Gertrude dies because of the wine and Laertes dies because of his poisoned sword. During Laertes' death, he exposes that Claudius is the person who plan this murder trick. Although Hamlet also wounds by the poisoned sword, he comes to Claudius with the sword and forces him to drink the rest of the poisoned wine that Gertrude left. Claudius dies in torture. Hamlet asks Horatio not to commit suicide, but instead tell his story to the people: “As thou'rt a man, / give me the cup: / let go; / by heaven, / I'll have't. / O good Horatio, / what a wounded name, / things standing thus unknown, / shall live behind me! / If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart absent thee from felicity awhile, / and in this
harsh world draw thy breath in pain, / to tell my story.” (Act V, Scene2) At the end, Fortinbras come to Denmark with English ambassador, Hamlet hopes Fortinbras can be the King of Denmark and asks Horatio to tell his story to Fortinbras also. Fortinbras, after Hamlet's death, announces Hamlet will be buried as a soldier.

act 4

Claudius asks Gertrude about Hamlet's reaction when he comes to see her. Gertrude tells Claudius that Polonius is killed by Hamlet by “accident”. Claudius perceives that he will be in the same situation as Polonius if he doesn't take action toward Hamlet. Claudius is afraid if he judges Hamlet for his crime, the public will criticize him, “Yet must not we put the strong law on him: / He's loved of the distracted multitude, / who like not in their judgment, but their eyes; / And where tis so, the offender's scourge is weigh'd, / but never the offence. To bear all smooth and even, / This sudden sending him away must seem Deliberate pause diseases desperate grown by desperate appliance are relieved,/ or not at all.” (Act IV, Scene 3) He is hesitated to do so and believes sending Hamlet away is the best way. He asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to escort Hamlet and Hamlet agrees. In the journey to England , Hamlet meets Fortinbras, young and impulsive young prince of Denmark . Fortinbras is going to invade Poland by crossing Norway . Hamlet is shocked since Fortinbras brings thousands of soldiers and attacks “a little pitch of land.” (Act IV, Scene) In contrast, Hamlet has so many scruples for revenging for his father. Hamlet evokes his impulse and resolution for the vengeance by Fortinbras' impulse.

act 3

Claudius and Polonius call Ophelia to investigate the truth of Hamlet's madness since Rosencrantz and Guildenstern fail to find it. Hamlet, in this moment, is questioning whether to commit suicide or not. He expresses his point of view toward life, and considers death is not frightening, but its uncertainly does and that is what people afraid
of: “For in that sleep of death what dreams may come when we have shuffled off this mortal coil, must give us pause: / there's the respect that makes calamity of so long life … ” (Act III, Scene 1) When Ophelia comes with her camouflage, Hamlet gives her a chance to disclose her self: “Ha, ha! Are you honest…Are you fair?” (Act III, Scene 1) However, Ophelia fails. Hamlet is infuriated since all of his beloved women, Gertrude and Ophelia, try to lie on him. He rejects Ophelia's request of retrieving their love vehemently and berates women's frailty and dependency on men: “Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? / I am myself indifferent honest; /but yet I could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not borne me…”(Act III, Scene 1) Meanwhile, Claudius suspects Hamlet's madness and afraid he will embroil in a dangerous situation because of Hamlet's madness. He prepares to send Hamlet to England and asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's escort.

act 2

King Claudius and Gertrude send two friends of Hamlet in Wittenberg to investigate Hamlet's abnormal and erratic behavior recently, “Guildenstern and gentle Rosencrantz:/And I beseech you instantly to visit my too much changed son./ Go, some of you,/and bring these gentlemen where Hamlet is.” (Act II, Scene 2) Polonius comes in and tells Claudius that Hamlet's madness is due to the rejected love for Ophelia, “For this effect defective comes by cause: thus it remains, / and the remainder thus. / Perpend. / I have a daughter--have while she is mine--Who, / in her duty and obedience, / mark, / hath given me this: now gather, / and surmise.” (Act II, Scene 2) Polonius wants to substantiate his thought and proposes a plan to investigate Hamlet by having Ophelia to confront him and both Gertrude and Claudius will have a scrutiny toward the reason of Hamlet's madness. Before having Ophelia does it, Polonius gives the first shot. He tries to find a clue of Hamlet's insanity, however, he is tricked by Hamlet's “insanity”. For example, when Polonius announces his leave, Hamlet tricks him: “You cannot, / sir, / take from me any thing that I will more willingly part withal: except my life, / except my life, except my life.” (Act II, Scene 2)

act one

Two guards of king's castle discovered there is a mysterious object that is extremely look like just deceased King Hamlet that appears every night in the castle. Horatio, prince Hamlet's best friend suspects the emergence of the ghost and afraid it is someone's camouflage. Horatio tries to communicate with the ghost when it is appeared. The ghost refuses to speak with Horatio however. Horatio believes prince Hamlet will be the best person to make the ghost talks if it is really old King Hamlet. Hamlet, notified by Horatio, is waiting his father's ghost to appear outside the castle. When the ghost emerges, Hamlet is shock and believes the ghost is his father. He mourns at his father's piteous situation at hell and asks who is the murderer. The ghost describes the process of Claudius murdering and command Hamlet not to harm Gertrude, even though she marries with Claudius. Hamlet, in this moment, is overwhelmed and declares he remember the every word that the ghost has said and will make revenge for his father's ghost: “”(Act I, Scene 5)

notes

Healfdene's son, Hrothgar, won great honor in battle, as well as at home. As a result, he became King of the Danes even though he was not the eldest son. Hrothgar built a large feasting hall that was used for celebrations and the distribution of gifts. It became the heart of King Hrothgar's kingdom and was called Heorot Hall. The hall was huge, lofty, and gabled, braced inside and out with hammered iron bands. It was lavishly furnished and decorated, with benches inlaid with gold. There were horns and tapestries hanging on the walls. Later in the poem, when Beowulf and his band of Geats arrived at the court of Hrothgar, they were asked to leave their ashen spears outside Heorot and were then led into the hall to meet the King, who was inside the hall surrounded by his Thanes. Therefore, Heorot served as a social hub and a reception room, as well as being a place of celebration and merriment. A jealous monster, named Grendel, lived in the area surrounding Heorot. He descended from the lineage of Cain, the man in the Old Testament who committed the first murder by killing his own brother out of jealousy and under the cover of darkness. Grendel resented all the happiness and celebration that occurred in the great hall. As a result, he decided to attack the Heorot. When he found a band of warriors asleep in the hall, he seized thirty of the thanes and led them towards his lair.
At dawn, Hrothgar discovered the tragedy. He saw Grendel's footsteps and realized that he had lost his attendants to this miserable monster. Although sad and enraged, he felt helpless against the evil Grendel. As a result, Grendel attacked the hall again. This time the assault and murders were more gruesome. Still there was no retaliation. Then for twelve long years, Grendel continued to attack the Danes, casting sorrow and doom on the people. His evil crimes were afflicted on young and old alike. Although Hrothgar was crushed to see Heorot abused, he still felt powerless against Grendel. His men had repeatedly begged for help from the gods and offered appropriate sacrifices to them; but no help came. In fact, it seemed liked the gods had forsaken the Danes. The terrible news of Grendel's cruel treatment of Hrothgar and the Danes reaches Geatland. Hygelac, the King of the Geats, tells his nephew, Beowulf, about Hrothgar's troubles. Beowulf, supposedly the strongest man alive, announces that he will go and help Hrothgar. After choosing fourteen brave thanes to accompany him on the journey, Beowulf sets sail. After many days, they successfully reach the land of the Danes and thank God for their safe passage.
From a cliff top, a Danish watchman spies the Geats as they arrive. When Beowulf and his men troop down the gangway, he sees that they are armed and grows frightened. Galloping on his horse and brandishing his sword, he challenges the Geats by asking, "Warriors, who are you? Why are you armed and why has your ship come here? I have been a coastguard for many years and . . . never have I seen warriors carrying their shields so openly. I have never set eyes on a more noble man than your leader. But before you set one foot further on Danish Land, I would like to know why you are here and who you are."
Beowulf tells the watchman, "We are Geats, companions of Hygelac. My father Ecgtheow was famed far and wide. We would like to meet your lord, Hrothgar, Healfdene's son, with most honorable intentions. We have come on an errand to him to end his ordeals by Grendel." The coastguard responds, "I can see your intentions are good. I will command my companions to guard your ship from foes and we will proceed". Once the ship is securely anchored and closely guarded, the Thanes, led by Beowulf, proceed to the heavily adorned hall, known as Heorot. When they approach the hall, the coast guard takes his leave; he does not dare to enter the hall, but he wishes Beowulf good luck and asks the gods to guard him in his enterprise against Grendel. Beowulf's warriors, dressed in gleaming chain mail and corselets, proceed to the hall. Once inside, they turn their shield to the wall and sit on a bench.
Wufgar, a Danish warrior, asks the Geats of their ancestry. Beowulf introduces himself and explains that they come from Hygelac and wish to speak to Hrothgar. The wise Wufgar responds, "I will ask the lord of the Danes about your request and bring back an answer." Wufgar then departs to rush to Hrothgar with the news.
Hrothgar, now old and grizzled, is surrounded by Thanes. When Wufgar tells him about Beowulf, he begs his leader to see the Geats. Hrothgar explains that he has known Beowulf as a boy, as well as his illustrious father, Ecgtheow. He accepts the Geats as loyal friends. Hrothgar explains that he has heard that Beowulf is extremely strong, having the strength of thirty men in his grip. As a result, the Danish leader is hopeful that Beowulf will be able to overcome Grendel. Hrothgar promises to reward
the Geat with great treasure if he succeeds. He ends by saying, "Tell them they are most welcome". Wufgar rushes back to the Geats. He tells Beowulf that Hrothgar welcomes them.
Beowulf follows Wufgar to meet Hrothgar. After greeting the King, Beowulf gives some of his credentials. He explains that he has just returned from slaying five monsters that were giants. He also tells of killing monsters from the depths of the oceans. Beowulf then tells of his desire to avenge Hrothgar by killing Grendel and cleansing the Heorot. He states, "I hear he spurns the use of weapon. I will grapple with him, and he whom death takes off must resign him self to the judgment of God. If battle claims me, you will not have to cover my body. But I ask you send my wat of mail to Hygelac."
After telling Beowulf about how he had helped his father, Hrothgar talks about Grendel's bloody destruction of his land. He welcomes Beowulf's help against this horrid monster. He then invites him to sit with him at their feast in Heorot Hall and tell them all about his exploits. Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's queen, welcomes Beowulf and offers him a drink. During the feast, Unferth taunts Beowulf, saying that Breca has defeated him in their swim in the open ocean. Beowulf shuts him up by explaining how he had saved Breca's life by overcoming monsters. He then promises to prove his strength in his battle with Grendel. Hrothgar and his queen bid their farewells to Beowulf and the others and retired for the night. After everyone departs from Heorot, the Geats fall asleep. Grendel, both angry and hungry, enters the hall. He grabs a sleeping warrior and devours him. Enraged by Grendel's action, Beowulf grabs and pulls the monster's outstretched arm. The two of them fight fiercely until Beowulf's great strength gets the better of Grendel. The monster tries to flee, but as he departs, Beowulf grabs his arm. Using his vice-like grip, he pulls Grendel's arm from his socket. The monster, howling with pain, runs out of Heorot towards the murky lake where he lives. The Geats try to follow him, but cannot track down the monster.
On their way back to the great hall, Beowulf's men start singing about their leader's exploits. They compare him to Sigemund, who killed a dragon but fell into the power of fiends. Upon their return, an overjoyed Hrothgar gives thanks to God for the victory over Grendel and promises to reward Beowulf with more 'earthly riches' than any man has seen. Beowulf gives God all the credit for his accomplishment. Beowulf displays Grendel's arm like a trophy. In the morning men from far and wide come to see the monster's arm. Later in the day, a great celebration feast is held in Beowulf's honor. Hrothgar presents to him Healfdene's sword, a battle banner woven with gold, a helmet and corselet adorned richly with gold, horses, and weapons. As the feasting and merriment continues, Wealhtheow presents a cup to Beowulf and personally thanks him and asks him to be a mentor and role model for her two sons. She also gives him two armlets, corselet rings, and a collar. After the feasting, everyone goes to sleep for the night. Grendel's mother, however, is rapidly approaching Heorot to gain revenge for her son. She rushes into the hall, taking the sleeping men by surprise. In her anger, she viciously grabs Aeschere, who is Hrothgar's favorite retainer. She also grabs her son's arm and then rushes out with her prisoner.
Hrothgar is awakened. When he finds that his favorite Thane has been seized, he is again miserable and begs Beowulf for help. When the Geat agrees to do his best, Hrothgar tells him that Grendel's mother stays in a murky lake and explains how to find it. Beowulf takes a few men and goes after Grendel's mother. Along the trail, they find the severed head of Aeschere. When they arrive at Grendel's lake, the water is boiling with blood and filled with serpents, dragons, and demons.
Beowulf blows the horn of battle. A demon attacks the warrior and is instantly killed by him. Beowulf jumps into the lake, and Unferth hands him his sword, called Hrunting. Grendel's mother emerges and tries to grab Beowulf; however, she cannot scratch through his armor. Beowulf tries to strike her with Unferth's sword, but it will not cut through her thick hide; in the end, he finally manages to sever her head. After she has been killed, Beowulf sees Grendel's corpse and cuts off his head as well. He then takes the treasure hidden in the monsters' lair. At Heorot, everyone anxiously waits for Beowulf's return. When they see him coming, they are overjoyed. Beowulf enters and lays down the treasure he has seized at Hrothgar's feet. The King praises Beowulf's bravery and rewards him with gold. Beowulf promises Hrothgar that he will come to his aid whenever he needs him in the future and that his sons will be treated with honor whenever they visit the Geatish court. Hrothgar thanks Beowulf for returning peace to the Land of the Danes and promises a lasting alliance between the Danes and the Geats. After returning the Hrunting to Unferth, Beowulf sets off for Geatland with his men. Before departing Geatland for Danish lands, Beowulf was not universally accepted as a brave hero. Upon his return, however, he tells Hygelac about his victories in the land of the Danes and about the many gifts bestowed on him for his bravery. Hygelac also rewards Beowulf with several gifts. Before long, everyone in Geatland has heard about his victories over the Danish monsters, and they celebrate Beowulf as a true hero.
When both Hygelac and his son die, the Geat kingdom passes to Beowulf. He rules wisely and harmoniously for fifty years and enjoys peace. Then a slave, escaping from his master's wrath, goes into a dragon's cave and steals the dragon's precious cup. The dragon is enraged at the theft; in retaliation he starts killing people and burning down buildings with his breath of fire. Despite his advancing age, Beowulf decides he must battle the dragon, convinced that he can slay the monster.
Taking the thief and a band of his own men, Beowulf goes to the dragon's cave and prepares for combat with the monster. He sadly bids farewell to his men, fearing his end may be at hand, and remembers the time when he had come to the Geatish court to live with his grandfather. Beowulf then challenges the dragon, striking at it with his ancestral sword, which is blunted by the monster's hard hide. The dragon breathes fire at Beowulf, causing him to fall down. Upon seeing their master on the ground, all of Beowulf's thanes run away except for Wiglaf, who tries to attract the dragon's attention away from his master and to himself. The dragon will not be distracted; it sinks its fangs into Beowulf's neck. Although he is in great pain, Beowulf picks up a sharp knife and strikes the dragon again, inflicting a deadly wound. But Beowulf is also mortally wounded. Before he dies, he tells Wiglaf to rummage through the dragon's cave to find the treasure; he then asks Wiglaf to bring all the gold to him before he dies. Wiglaf does exactly as he is told. When he returns with the dragon's treasure, he sprinkles some water on Beowulf to revive him. Beowulf rewards Wiglaf with his golden collar and golden helmet, which signifies that he will become the leader of the Geats. To mark his grave and to serve as a reminder of his courage, Beowulf also commands Wiglaf to build a fine barrow in his honor, overlooking the sea. After these instructions are given, Beowulf dies
All the thanes who ran away in Beowulf's time of trouble return to mourn his death. Wiglaf reminds them that "for every warrior, death is better than disgrace". He then condemns them as cowards and states that they are destined to become landless exiles. Wiglaf next follows Beowulf's instructions; he builds a large funeral pyre and makes a barrow, filled with lots of ornaments, in memory of the great warrior. Twelve of Beowulf's brave men ride around the barrow mourning and chanting elegies about their dead leader. Wiglaf himself mourns the cowardliness of the Geats; he feels certain that the Swedes will hear about their weakness and attack them. As the poem ends, Wiglaf wonders if Geat will ever be safe again without Beowulf.

Grendel

i think that the authors hero was meant to be beowolf. He is strong, brave, and commeted. He has the strength to over power all the monsters and beast that he has killed. He is brave because he goes against they huge things that could kill him with one hit. he is also commeted because he never gives up until he kills the monster. Grendel knows that beowolf is coming to kill him. I think that it kinda imtimidates grendel because he knows that beowolf has never lost a battle against a monster.

Key Facts-

full title · Beowulf

author · Unknown

type of work · Poem

genre · Alliterative verse; elegy; resembles heroic epic, though smaller in scope than most classical epics

language · Anglo-Saxon (also called Old English)

time and place written · Estimates of the date of composition range between 700 and 1000 a.d.; written in England

date of first publication · The only manuscript in which Beowulf is preserved is thought to have been written around 1000 a.d.

publisher · The original poem exists only in manuscript form.

narrator · A Christian narrator telling a story of pagan times

point of view · The narrator recounts the story in the third person, from a generally objective standpoint—detailing the action that occurs. The narrator does, however, have access to every character’s depths. We see into the minds of most of the characters (even Grendel) at one point or another, and the narrative also moves forward and backward in time with considerable freedom.

tone · The poet is generally enthusiastic about Beowulf’s feats, but he often surrounds the events he narrates with a sense of doom.

tense · Past, but with digressions into the distant past and predictions of the future

setting (time) · The main action of the story is set around 500 a.d.; the narrative also recounts historical events that happened much earlier.

setting (place) · Denmark and Geatland (a region in what is now southern Sweden)

protagonist · Beowulf

major conflict · The poem essentially consists of three parts. There are three central conflicts: Grendel’s domination of Heorot Hall; the vengeance of Grendel’s mother after Grendel is slain; and the rage of the dragon after a thief steals a treasure that it has been guarding. The poem’s overarching conflict is between close-knit warrior societies and the various menaces that threaten their boundaries.

rising action · Grendel’s attack on Heorot, Beowulf’s defeat of Grendel, and Grendel’s mother’s vengeful killing of Aeschere lead to the climactic encounter between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother.

climax · Beowulf’s encounter with Grendel’s mother constitutes the moment at which good and evil are in greatest tension.

falling action · Beowulf’s glorious victory over Grendel’s mother leads King Hrothgar to praise him as a worthy hero and to advise him about becoming king. It also helps Beowulf to transform from a brazen warrior into a reliable king.

themes · The importance of establishing identity; tensions between the heroic code and other value systems; the difference between a good warrior and a good king

motifs · Monsters; the oral tradition; the mead-hall

symbols · The golden torque; the banquet

foreshadowing · The funeral of Shield Sheafson, with which the poem opens, foreshadows Beowulf’s funeral at the poem’s end; the story of Sigemund told by the scop, or bard, foreshadows Beowulf’s fight with the dragon; the story of King Heremod foreshadows Beowulf’s eventual ascendancy to kingship.

Character list

Beowulf - The protagonist of the epic, Beowulf is a Geatish hero who fights the monster Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and a fire-breathing dragon. Beowulf’s boasts and encounters reveal him to be the strongest, ablest warrior around. In his youth, he personifies all of the best values of the heroic culture. In his old age, he proves a wise and effective ruler.

King Hrothgar - The king of the Danes. Hrothgar enjoys military success and prosperity until Grendel terrorizes his realm. A wise and aged ruler, Hrothgar represents a different kind of leadership from that exhibited by the youthful warrior Beowulf. He is a father figure to Beowulf and a model for the kind of king that Beowulf becomes. Grendel - A demon descended from Cain, Grendel preys on Hrothgar’s warriors in the king’s mead-hall, Heorot. Because his ruthless and miserable existence is part of the retribution exacted by God for Cain’s murder of Abel, Grendel fits solidly within the ethos of vengeance that governs the world of the poem.

Grendel’s mother - An unnamed swamp-hag, Grendel’s mother seems to possess fewer human qualities than Grendel, although her terrorization of Heorot is explained by her desire for vengeance—a human motivation.

The dragon - An ancient, powerful serpent, the dragon guards a horde of treasure in a hidden mound. Beowulf’s fight with the dragon constitutes the third and final part of the epic.

Other Danes

Shield Sheafson - The legendary Danish king from whom Hrothgar is descended, Shield Sheafson is the mythical founder who inaugurates a long line of Danish rulers and embodies the Danish tribe’s highest values of heroism and leadership. The poem opens with a brief account of his rise from orphan to warrior-king, concluding, “That was one good king” (11).

Beow - The second king listed in the genealogy of Danish rulers with which the poem begins. Beow is the son of Shield Sheafson and father of Halfdane. The narrator presents Beow as a gift from God to a people in need of a leader. He exemplifies the maxim, “Behavior that’s admired / is the path to power among people everywhere” (24–25).

Halfdane - The father of Hrothgar, Heorogar, Halga, and an unnamed daughter who married a king of the Swedes, Halfdane succeeded Beow as ruler of the Danes.

Wealhtheow - Hrothgar’s wife, the gracious queen of the Danes.

Unferth - A Danish warrior who is jealous of Beowulf, Unferth is unable or unwilling to fight Grendel, thus proving himself inferior to Beowulf.

Hrethric - Hrothgar’s elder son, Hrethric stands to inherit the Danish throne, but Hrethric’s older cousin Hrothulf will prevent him from doing so. Beowulf offers to support the youngster’s prospect of becoming king by hosting him in Geatland and giving him guidance.

Hrothmund - The second son of Hrothgar.

Hrothulf - Hrothgar’s nephew, Hrothulf betrays and usurps his cousin, Hrethic, the rightful heir to the Danish throne. Hrothulf’s treachery contrasts with Beowulf’s loyalty to Hygelac in helping his son to the throne.

Aeschere - Hrothgar’s trusted adviser.

Other Geats

Hygelac - Beowulf’s uncle, king of the Geats, and husband of Hygd. Hygelac heartily welcomes Beowulf back from Denmark.

Hygd - Hygelac’s wife, the young, beautiful, and intelligent queen of the Geats. Hygd is contrasted with Queen Modthryth.

Wiglaf - A young kinsman and retainer of Beowulf who helps him in the fight against the dragon while all of the other warriors run away. Wiglaf adheres to the heroic code better than Beowulf’s other retainers, thereby proving himself a suitable successor to Beowulf.

Ecgtheow - Beowulf’s father, Hygelac’s brother-in-law, and Hrothgar’s friend. Ecgtheow is dead by the time the story begins, but he lives on through the noble reputation that he made for himself during his life and in his dutiful son’s remembrances.

King Hrethel - The Geatish king who took Beowulf in as a ward after the death of Ecgtheow, Beowulf’s father.

Breca - Beowulf’s childhood friend, whom he defeated in a swimming match. Unferth alludes to the story of their contest, and Beowulf then relates it in detail.

Other Figures Mentioned

Sigemund - A figure from Norse mythology, famous for slaying a dragon. Sigemund’s story is told in praise of Beowulf and foreshadows Beowulf’s encounter with the dragon.

King Heremod - An evil king of legend. The scop, or bard, at Heorot discusses King Heremod as a figure who contrasts greatly with Beowulf.

Queen Modthryth - A wicked queen of legend who punishes anyone who looks at her the wrong way. Modthryth’s story is told in order to contrast her cruelty with Hygd’s gentle and reasonable behavior.

Quest for immorality Presentation

Today there are many people looking for the quest for immortality. Some people in our world today, revolve around trying to find the key. Some scientists say within 30 years, humans could be immune to disease, unaffected by aging, and able live to 150 or even 1,000 years old. We could be medically immortal.

Gilgamesh went on a search for immortality because he wants to bring back Enkidu, his soul mate. Gilgamesh also wants to live forever. Its similar in todays society because people are also trying to find immortality. People today i think are scared of death and that is why they want to live longer. Or some people aren't just ready to die yet.

In Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim says that to immortal, is really not that good. Its not a great as you think. Today there are also people that are really against it. they say its bad because of religion, over population, and also because of using up all the natural resources.

In today's society they say that the five steps to immortality are:
-Consuming a healthy diet
-Having an Active life
-Taking supplements
-Rejuvenation Therapies
-And the last one is freezing yourself until you are ready to come back to life. This method is called Cryonics

themes
hereos campion-
Enkidu is Gilgamesh’s dearest companion, his equal, his soul-mate. Everything that they do, they do together. That is why Gilgamesh was so upset when Enkidu died. they both have different characteristics. When you put them togother they balance eachother out and helpt eachother out. “He turned to Enkidu who leaned against his shoulder and looked into his eyes and saw himself in the other, just as Enkidu saw himself in Gilgamesh. In the silence of the people they began to laugh and clutched each other in their breathless exaltation.” (pg. 24, Gilgamesh) In every hero story, the hero always has a partner in crime. like Shrek and donkey, scooby do and shaggy, batman and robin, winnie the poo and piglet.
The common flood story:
Utnapishtim’s story about the flood is very similar to and parallel to the story of Noah’s Arc. The gods decided to send a great flood down on men because men were searching to be like the gods; searching for immortality and defying their natural or human conditions. For this, the gods see it fit to remind men of their place on Earth, and that’s when they send the floods. Utnapishtim is warned about the flood by Ea, though, because he is a man not desiring immortality. Therefore, when the flood is over and Utnapishtim and his family survive the flood in a giant boat built by Utnapishtim for the duration of the flood, the gods “choose” him to be like the gods and make him immortal merely because he had no desire of it in the first place.“The war god touched my forehead; he blessed my family and said: before this you were just a man, but now you and your wife shall be like gods. You shall live in the distance at the rivers’ mouth, at the source. I allowed myself to be taken far way from all that I had seen. Sometimes even in love we yearn to leave mankind. Only the loneliness of the Only One who never acts like gods is bearable.” (pg. 79, Gilgamesh)
Love:
These two characters are just like soul mates. They actually are though. they are so in love, as friends though. Just like how i love my bestfriends. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh is so upset, he feels there is no reason to live anymore. just like if when of my best friends would die, i would be in so much agony and i would probably feel the same as gilgamesh.“Don’t be afraid, said Gilgamesh. We are together. There is nothing we should fear.” (pg. 28, Gilgamesh)
Pessimistic and optimistic:
“I think compassion is our God’s pure act which burns forever, and be it in Heaven or in Hell doesn’t matter for me; because Hell is the everlasting gift of His presence to the lonely heart who is longing amidst perishing phantoms and doesn’t care to find any immortality if not in the pure loneliness of the Holy One, this loneliness which he enjoys forever inside and outside of His creation. It is enough for one who loves to find his Only One singled in Himself. And that is the cup of immortality!” (pg. 74, 75, Gilgamesh)
Loss of innocence:
When the hunter tells the boy to go and visit gilgamesh and tell him to send a prostitue to sleep with enkidu, he does. The prostitute saduces Enkidu and sleeps with him. at that point that is when Enkidu losses his innocence.“He became bitter in his tone again: because of her. She made me see things as a man, and a man sees death in things. That is what it is to be a man. You’ll know when you have lost the strength to see the way you once did.” (pg. 49, Gilgamesh)
Gods relationship with mortals:
The gods intervene two major times in Gilgamesh. Once when Ishtar and Anu send the Bull of Heaven down on Earth and after Gilgamesh, and another time when the gods send a great flood down on the mortals “But a little hunger will replace their arrogance with new desire. Then Anu acceded to her wish. The Bull of Heaven descended to the earth and killed at once three hundred men, and then attacked King Gilgamesh.” (pg. 45, Gilgamesh)
Legacy:
“He looked at the walls, awed at the heights his people achieved and for a moment-just a moment- all that lay behind him passed from view.” (pg. 92, Gilgamesh)

Literary Archetypes
Hero/Antihero- Gilgamesh is both the hero and the antihero. He is a hero because he shoes lots of courage and strength. He kills Humbaba which take a lot of courage to stand up against such a powerful person. He is a hero also because his people think that he is an amazing king. They see that everything he does is never wrong. They agree with his actions toward everything. He also has a lot of determination. He so badly wants to find quest for immorality that he goes a on very long journey and he doesn't care what he has to do to get there.
Gilgamesh also though can be a antihero as well. He is an antihero because after Enkidu died he lost everything. His hope, faith, and views. He was a complete mess. On his journey alls he did was stumble along. He would greive and sleep. He just walked around.
Wise Fool- The wise fool in this book is Utnapishtim. It tells us that he is very wise and smart. Only Utnapishtim knows the quest for immorality. He shares these views with Gilgamesh. He says that being immortal or like the gods is not so great. Basically hes saying its not what you all expect it to be.
The Devil Figure- The devil figure is Ishtar. I think this because she seems as if she has very mean characteristics. First she wants to wipe out all of mankind with The Bull of Heaven (a drought) by having her father send it. She also wants Gilgamesh to die because he rufused to marry her. I think she goes off her emotions. When shes mad; she wants people to pay for it. She wants mankind gone, forever.
The Outcast- The outcast here is Enkidu. During the whole story, he is outcasted a lot, even when he was with the animals. The town, Uruk, outcasts him because he runs with the animals, and also because he's a man, but a wild man.
After the hunter tells gilgamesh to send a prostitute to sleep with Enkidu; the animals now make Enkidu and outcast. They make him feel shameful for what he has done. Enkidu dies early in the book, but when he dies, its the only place where he fitted in, with Gilgamesh.
The Double- I think immorality is the double. It has its good and its bad. Immorality is good for some reasons. It can bring back people from the dead and also it can give people to live forever! But once you have immorality it's not as great as you think. It can cause lonlieness, as Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that he is so lonly because all his people were wiped out in the Great Flood. Immorality lets you live forever, theres no going back to it. You can never be laid at rest.
The Scapegoat-Enkidu in the books shows as a sacrifice. The gods say that either Gilgamesh or Enkidu has to die because they killed the Bull of Heaven and also Humbaba. They say that Enkidu as to die because Gilgamesh is a king and also two thirds god. So that makes Enkidu die, he is the sacrifice. Enkidu knows that he is the one that is going to die. He puts up with it. He accepts it. While is taking final last breaths of air, he talks about how he is sad that the prostitute took away his innecence and how he actually fit in with the animals.
The Temptress- The temptress i think is the prostitute. She's beautiful and she draws people in, she drew Enkidu in and he slept with her. She's an evil person because she took Enkidu's innoncence away. She made him become a man and made him become a man in the socitiey. If she hadn't slept with him, he would probably still be alive.
The Good Mother- There could be two woman figures that could be the good mother role. First is Ninsun. She is the the real mother of Gilgamesh. She is there mentaly, but she isn't there physicaly for her son. The barmaid, Siduri, is there physically for Gilgamesh she rubs his back, bathes him, clothes him, feeds him, and lets him sleep and grieve for Enkidu. She is just like a mother.

Book 4

book 4
after a long long time Gilgamesh goes back to his people. he askes himself and wonders if anybody will remember Enkidu. He asks a man that walks by if he knows a man named Enkidu. He has no clue to who he is. Gilgamesh then looks to his town and looks at the wall. they built for his city. he is so proud of what they have achieved that just for a bit he forgets all about enkidu and about all his greif and sorrows.

Book 3

Book 3
Gilgamesh is so upset about his friends death. He says he felt, "no longer a king, but a man who had lost his way." He wants Enkidu back so badly that he wants quest for immorality. He wants to bring his friend back. So he goes to talk to Utnapishtim, who knows the secret to eternal life. Gilgamesh travels to the mountains of Mashu and runs into the Scorpion people who recognize Gilgamesh as being two thirds god. The people think he is stupid for trying to accomplish this mission, but they let him pass anyways into the darkness, where they said he will only find greif and pain. He then runs into the Road of Sun. Still greiving for his friend, enkidu, he shouts his name in a valley that he finds. He also tells the story. Eventually, he reaches the sea and comes across a cottage where a barmaid named Siduri lives. she helps him, cleanses him, lets him sleep and rest and grieve. After awhile , she asks him just to stay and to quit his mission for the quest of immorality. But he gets very mad at that.
She then tells him he must cross the sea of death with the help of the boatman, Urshanabi. She angers Gilgamesh even more when she tells him he is blind with self-love. He replies that he is "blinded with loss, not self-love." On the way to the boatman, Gilgamesh is smashing things into pieces in all his anger and smashes the "stone images" that were going to help him corss the sea of death. urshanabi says that now he must build poles to push his way across the sea of death. Gilgamesh uses all his poles, but one (the poles are rotted by the sea) and with the last pole, he takes his clothes off and amkes a sail that sails him across the sea of death. He meets Utnapishtim. Uptnapishtim and Gilgamesh discuss immortality and how Uptnapishtim thinks it is to be achieved; however, Uptnapishtim does not thnk that nay man should desire everlasting life. Uptnapishtim is lonely, and full of sorrow. He tells how he came to immortality. He was chosen, he did not desire it as Gilgamesh does. He said that the gods decided to send a great flood down on the city, Shurrupak because men are defying mortality and beginning to search for immortality which is not the condition of men. Ea warns Utnapishtim of the flood and tells him to make a great ship and put all life possible in it. Utnapishtim does this and the animals, his family, and some of his people are safe during the flood. However, many others that are not in the great ship die, and Utnapishtim can hardly bear this. The flood lasts seven days. (This story is very similar to Noah's Arc) Enlil touches U's head and says that now he and his family will be like gods because they survived the great flood. However, Utnapishtim is still very upset at having seen so much death. He still suffers fthis grief as he continues to live on. (Utnapishtim says he envies Gilgamesh's freedom.) Gilgamesh again feels sleepy and sleeps seven days. Utnapishtim says that this is a slothlike man, a man living in death, not really living. He tells the boatman to burn the pelts of Gilgamesh so that he may begin to move on from his grief by letting it go and not hanging onto it. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh of a plant deep in the river that will help Gilgamesh lead a new life. Gilgamesh goes to the river and retrieves the plant and hugs Utnapishtim in thanks. He then crosses with urshanabi back over the sea of death. Gilgamesh is now alone again, but he does not feel very lonely anymore with the plant he has. He goes for a refreshing swim in a pool of water and leaves the plant unguarded. A serpent eats the plant and sheds its skin. Gilgamesh sees that the plant is gone and sees the snake skin.

Book 2

Book 2-
Gilgamesh and Enkidu, now friends, decide to go kill Humbaba, guardian of the cedar forest. Actually, Gilgamesh is all for this idea, to prove that Humbaba isn't all that scary and powerful and to kill him. However, Enkidu is fearful of this idea. He knows the forest much better than Gilgamesh. The two go to Uruk's wise elders to ask what they should do. The elders decide that to kill Humbaba would be a mighty victory. NInsun "adopts" Enkidu and prays to Shamash (the sun god) to protect the two of them on their journey. The two travel to the cedar forest and enter it. They go to sleep, and Enkidu has frightful dreams that show that only one of them will survive this mission. The next day, Gilgamesh hits a tree with his axe to summon/irritate Humbaba. The two are very scared. Humbaba appears and hits Enkidu to the ground and wounds him. After this, Humbaba falls to the ground, and quickly, Gilgamesh strikes his axe down on Humbaba's neck. Humbaba is dead, but now Enkidu is wounded., The next morning, Ishtar, goddess of love, fruitfulness, and war, visits Gilgamesh and Enkidu. She tries to get Gilgamesh to marry her, but he will not due to the way she has treated her past "lovers." She gets really angry at his refusal and tells her father Anu, god of all gods and god of the sky, that to punish Gilgamesh, they should send the Bull of Heaven (a drought) to starve and thirst men and Gilgamesh. She also thinks the drought will instill new desire in Gilgamesh and all men. Anu sends the Bull of Heaven down to Earth, and it kills three hundred men. Then it goes after Gilgamesh. Enkidu grabs the Bull's tail and twists it until the bull cannot breathe. Then he stabs the bull in the back of its neck. The bull dies, but Enkidu is still suffering from the wound that he received from Humbaba, and he begins to run a fever. The gods decide that either Humbaba or Enkidu must die because they killed first Humbaba and then the Bull of Heaven. Shamash says that Enkidu shouldn't die because he is "innocent," however, Enlil says Enkidu should die because Gilgamesh is two thirds god and is king. They choose Enkidu, who already knows that they will choose him to die. As Enkidu begins to fade away, he talks about his animal friends and blames the prostitute for making him "a man, a man who sees death in things." He asks Gilgamesh why this happens to them; is this what happens to friends?

Book 1

Book 1-
in this book we get introduced to Gilgamesh, the king of uruk. He is the type of person that does what he wants no matter what other people think. We also learn about Enkidu, a half man half animal. he is a man but he acts like an animal. He is supposed to be equal to Gilgamesh.
During Gilgamesh's sleep he started to have dreams of his mother telling him that he would find his soulmate. Mean while Enkidu is drinking with the animals and being one of them. He doensn't know any better than this for he has lived like this all his life.
One day a hunters son, comes across Enkidu and watches him without enkidu knowing it. He see Enkidu release animals from his fathers traps. The boy runs home and tells his father about it.
The hunter then sends the boy to Gilgamesh and to ask him to send a prostitute to Enkidu to sleep with and when he does, he will be shameful and all the animals with leave him forever. So when the prostitute leaves him he feels that the animals have abandond him and he is know alone. The prostitute shaves his long hair and makes him appear to be a proper man. She then takes him into Uruk where he meets Gilgamesh. Alike in appearance, Enkidu a little stronger the town assumes Ekidu to be Gilgamesh's equal. They wrestle around in dislike for one another, but then realize that they are each others' equal and become friends instead.

Quest for immorality

The quest for immorality:
Aging is a fact of life, and issues surrounding are very debatable. There are currently 35 million Americans over the age of sixty-five. This demographic shift is important not only because the ranks of the elderly will continue to grow in coming years but also because it is taking place in what the editors of the book (Aging, Death, and the Quest for Immorality) call an "ageist society," one that increasingly loathes every facet of aging. Indeed, the ethical issues associated with aging are among the thorniest in medicine and public policy today. Aging, Death, and the Quest for Immortality is a timely volume by physicians, health-care professionals, pastors, and ethicists who explore the experiences, dilemmas, and possibilities associated with aging.
http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Aging-Death-and-the-Quest-for-Immorality/C-Ben-Mitchell/e/9780802827845

This is a video from youtube called "Quest for Immorality"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfTqXL0d9Ls

Now days they say that the five steps to immorality are:
1. Eating a healthy diet
2. Leading an active life
3. Taking supplements
4. Rejuvenation therapies
5. Cryonics-The best solution at this point is cryonic suspension. In layman's terms, you put yourself in ice and wait for better times. They already know how to do the suspension part, and even though they don't know how to bring people back, they think it's only a matter of time before they do. Even if the chances of ever waking from the glacial slumber are small, it's still a more rational choice for people than being buried or cremated.

Quotes!!!

Antigone!--

1) Ismene, hoping to persued her sister: "I'm simply powerless to act against this city's law."
2) Antigone, defending her decision: "I intend to give my brother burial. I'll be glad to die in the attempt,-- if it's a crime, then it's a crime that God commands."
3) Chorus, siding with Creon: "God and the government ordain just laws; the citizen who rules his life by them is worthy of acclaim. But he that presumes to set the law at naught is like a stateless person, outlawed, beyond the pale."
4) Antigone, talking to Creon: "Isn't a man's right to burial decreed by divine justice? I don't consider your pronouncements so important that they can just.overrule the unwritten laws of heaven."
5) Chorus, retelling the plague of Oedipus' family: "For once a family is cursed by God, disasters come like earthquake tremors, worse with each succeeding generation."
6) Chorus, telling Antigone's future: "Look now at the last sunlight that sustains the one surviving root of Oedipus' tree,-- the sword of death is drawn to hack it down."
7) Teiresias, seeing the future and confronting Creon about it: "These signs portend evil for Thebes; and the trouble stems from your policy. Why? Because our altars are polluted by flesh brought be dogs and birds, picking from Polynices' corpse. Small wonder that the gods won't accept our sacrifices."
8) Creon, rethinking his decision: "Can't fight against what's destined.I must personally undo what I have done. I shouldn't have tried being unorthodox. I'll stick by the established laws in the future."
9) Creon, realizing his mistake: "by my stubbornness, oh my son, so young, to die so young, and all because of me."
10) Chorus, underscoring the theme of the play: "The greater your arrogance, the heavier God's revenge."

Oedipus the King!--

1) Oedipus in a mean way tells the Chorus, "You pray to the gods? Let me grant your prayers."
2) Oedipus claims that Creon and Tiresias are in a pack trying to take his crown away from him, "Creon, the soul of trust, my loyal friends from the start steals against me... so hungry to overthrow me he sets this wizard on me, this scheming quack, this fortune-teller peddling lies, eyes peeled for his own profit--seer blind in his craft!"
3) These accusations likewise makes Tiresias' temper bigger. Before he leaves the scene, he warns, "So, you mock my blindness? Let me tell you this. You with your precious eyes, you're blind to the corruption of your life, to the house you live in, those you live with-who are your parents? Do you know? All unknowing you are the scourge of your own flesh and blood, the dead below the earth and the living here above, and the double lash of your mother and your father's curse will whip you from this land one day, their footfall treading you down in terror, darkness shrouding your eyes that now can see the light!" Here, Tiresias prophesizes Oedipus' tragic fate.
4) When Oedipus tells his wife that a prophecy from Delphi supposedly tells his bad fate, Jocasta reassures him, saying, "No skill in the world, nothing human can penetrate the future."
5) When Jocasta asks Oedipus why he wants to see the servant, he says, "I can hold nothing back from you, now I've reached this pitch of dark foreboding."
6) As Oedipus and Jocasta return to the palace, the Chorus takes the stage, describing Oedipus in not good ways: "Pride breeds the tyrant violent pride, gorging, crammed to bursting with all that is overripe and rich with ruin.... Can such a man, so desperate, still boast he can save his life from the flashing bolts of god?"
7) Oedipus gives his famous quote: "O god-all come true, all burst to light! O light-now let me look my last on you! I stand revealed at last-cursed in my birth, cursed in marriage, cursed in the lives I cut down with these hands!"
8) Using Jocasta's brooches, Oedipus gouges out his eyes, screaming, "You, you'll see no more the pain I suffered, all the pain I caused! Too long you looked on the ones you never should have seen, blind to the ones you longed to see, to know! Blind from this hour on! Blind in the darkness-blind!"
9) Oedipus' attitude toward Creon seems dramatically altered when Creon approaches Oedipus, who implores the audience: "Oh no, what can I say to him? How can I ever hope to win his trust? I wronged him so, just now, in every way. You must see that-I was so wrong, so wrong."
10) Oedipus furthers Sophocles' sight metaphor when he defends his decision to humble himself through blindness: "What good were eyes to me? Nothing I could see could bring me joy."

Notes of: Antigone

Antigone starts of with the two sisters talking to eachother about their two brothers. one of them will be burried and the other one will not. because E was defending the country and P was trying to take over it. But they died in eachothers hands.
Antigone is very upset about this askes her sister if she will help her get P's body and steal him away and bury him. Isnelle says no. She is actually to scared too. but Antigone isn't. She sticks up for what she believes is right.
A messanger breaks in and says that someone has stole the body. Creon says that he will die unless he finds out who took the body. So the messager goes out and finds Antigone red handed and takes her to Creon. Creon is very surprised by this because it is a women and also because its his own neice.
He sentences her with death in a cave under a mountain. She is very upset about this but she knows that she did the right thing.
Isnelle then comes in and says that she had something to do with it. but she really didn't she just can't stand to live without her sister. but in the end she does live.
Haemoes is Creons son who is going to marry Antigone. He goes into the palace and trys to reason with creon but creon who hear anything that his son is saying. He thinks that what he is doing is the right things and wont take anyones opponions. So his son says that he will be gone forever and wont ever talk to his father again.
Teiresias comes with advice and tells creon what to do. at first creon doesn't want to listen to him but he finally changes his mind and tells the people to bring spades and equitment. He is going to imprision her.
His son dies and so does his wife. they both kill themselves and Creon is struck with shame, terror and fear of the gods. He is very sad because he knows he is the one to blame for all these deaths.

Notes of: Oedipus the King

Oedipus the king~
in this play the people of thebes come to the king for help. they have givin up hope and can't do it on their own anymore. King O thinks the same and says that he has also suffared just as much or probably even more because he has so many people to worry about and also his family and his own life. He says he sent a messager to the gods, he sent creon his brother in law. he comes back and says that the plague is because of the person who killed the last king. king O tells the elders to come forward if they know anything, they wouldn't be killed but they would be banished. no one speaks up until a attendent with theisians comes. Thesisians is blind but he knows who killed the last king. He says its King O who did it and that King O also married his mother. He gives this to him by saying it in riddles. King O doesn't want to believe Thesians and mocks him and says very cruel things about him. a lot of messagers come and also servents but by the end they finally find out who did it for sure and king O knows that it was actually him. He was destined to do it. Thats why in the first place his mother got rid of him, thinking he was dead, but he really wasn't. Queen J knows this is true too so she goes into her bedroom never speaking to King O again and freaks out basically and kills herself by hanging. King O finds her with terror and takes her pins and jabs them into his eyes many times. There is blood every. Pouring from his eyes. He doesn't think he should be able to see anymore. He doesn't derserve to. He is actually really hard on himself i think, for something that he didn't mean to do and he didn't even know what he was doing because he was destined to do it. He asks Creon in the end if he will take care of his two girls. Creon promises he will. Creon also becomes King.

Notes of: Introduction

Introduction~
the introduction talks about the chorus. The chorus are the elders of Thebes. They tell what is happening in the play and they also talk with some of the charactors during it. They also forshadow.
Another thing in the introduction is how they talk about the life of Sophocles. They also give us clues to what will happen in the story. They also give the type of play it will be.

Mrs. Lebos notes::
Apocryphal: of doubtful authenticity, although widely circulated as being trueEphemeral: lasting for a very short timeSophocles lead a life of privilege but was devoted to the service of state. He died, "leaving Athens materially exhausted and spiritually wrecked by the physical and moral strains of the conflict."Origins of drama stem from "not only the human instinct for narrative and impersonation, but also the instinct for the ritualistic expression and interpretation of the power of natural forces, the cycle of life and death, and the nexus of past, present, and future."nexus: a connection or series of connections linking two or more thingsChorus will function as an actor and commentator; will personify and "sing" the leading themes in the play; will stand aloof from the more highly developed plot and action while still unifying and commenting on the drama; will literally dance across the stage; offers commentary on the struggles the primary characters encounterReligion is essential to Greek Tragedy.**Dramatic Irony**Issue of "integrity of the state"principles of just and "right"piety: the quality of being religious or reverentGod's law/man's lawThe plays greatness lies in the "combination of a faultlessly articulated plot with the profoundest insight into human motive and circumstance."Issues of translation; no way to be perfect but what you read should recapture the essential voice and message of the original text"The theatre was a vast open-air arena, provided with a dancing-place (orchestra) in which the Chorus moved and chanted; a platform for the actors, probably raised by a few steps above the orchestra and communicating with it; and a building which afforded both a retiring-place for the actors and a background for their performance.

Ignorance vs. Guilt

~Question~
If a person does not know, is that person still guilty of grievous crime?Consider the plight of Oedipus and a modern day example.What would you do if you were on the jury at the Oedipus trial? What would you do if you were on the jury in a modern day trial?What would cause you to vote one way or another? Values? Beliefs? Evidence? Society Norms? Other information?

~Answer~
In todays socitety even if you didn't know what a rule or what some was illegal, they still punishe you for it. If they didn't then everyone would be getting away with crimes. So if i was on the jury i would also find them guilty. Even know they plea not quilty and also have a good reason for doing what they did; people cannot just slide by. I think that if anyone was on trial for this, even if they were found quilty or not quilty for this crime, they would either die with pride and know that they did the right thing; even if it meant death. And also if their life was spared, they would live with pride and also knowing that they made the right descion in life. So its kind of works for both ways.

Conscientious Objection

~Answer~
Conscientious objection means to do the things that your conscience tells you to do. Every human has a conscience. It tells you to do things even though you know they may be wrong, or they may be against rules that people of established, and they even may be right.
In the play the example is listening to your conscience rather than follow the rules. Antigone's conscientious objection was to either listen to herself and do the wrong thing or to follow the rules. She listened to her conscience because she felt it would be the right thing to do. I also think that she did the right thing. I would have done the same thing if I was in her situation. She is a very brave woman for doing what she did.
In the 21st centurey, i think that people would also do the same thing as she did. I don't think a lot of people would look down on someone for that because in todays socitiey the right thing to do is also to bury them. So we kind of know where she is coming from. Now adays we hardy leave anyone unbarried.

Despair- Grade this one!

~Question~
What is the meaning of "Despair" and how does this theme manifest itself in both plays?

~Answer~
Despair means to lose, give up, or be without hope. The plays in this book show a lot of scenes where there are moments of despair. They are without hope.
One of the places where despair is show is when all the towns people come to the palace and beg for help from the king. They have tried everything and has givin up hope. They don't know what else to do so they turn to the king. He also says that he has been suffereing just as much or even more. I think the king has also given up hope until he founds out what is going on and what he needs to do, from Creon, the messager and also his brother-in-law.
Another scene where one of the charactors has despair is when Jocasta finally realizes that King Oedipus is actually her son. She is very frightened and also she feels shame. In the beginning she shows no signs of despair. She has hope, but by the end of the play, all her despair is gone. She has no hope left. She knows what happened and she is sad, shameful, and also mad at the same time. She says to King Oedipus, "O lost and damned! This is my last and only word to you for ever!" (55) She kills herself because of the sorrows she has experienced and also because she thinks she hasn't anymore reason to live.
At this same time in the book King Oedipus also gives up hope when he finds out who he really is. He especially does when he finds his wife, who is his mother, dead. He is hearbroken and has no hope. He also thinks they has no reason to see anymore. All he sees is darkness around him. He has surrenderd. Oedipus shows a lot examples of despair in the book, but I think this one stands out the most.

In the play Antigone, Haemon is the son of Creon, he also is the one who will be marring Antigone. After he finds out what has happend he goes to see his father to try and talk him out of killing his future bride. They argue a lot, but Creon will not listen to his son at all. As much a Haemon argues and fights for his way this father will not back down. So he gives up hope (despair) and backs down from fighting. His father knows he has won so he wants Haemon to watch his bride be exucuted. Haemons then says, "That sight I'll never see. Nor from this hour shall you see me again. Let those that will be witness of your wickedness and folly." (147) This means that he knows he has lost the battle with his father and has despair about winning his side, but rather than giving what Creon wants; he says he is leaving and will never see his father again. He will not be apart of his fathers wickedness that he practices.
Another part in the book where despair is show is when Antigone knows she is going to be killed. She has givin up hope; theres no more that she can do to help herself. She also gives up hope when she is placed in the cave by Creon, she knows her fate so she hangs herself to save herself from misery.

Book 16 notes and quotes

Quotes-
"Go down at once and tell the lady Penelope that I am back from Pylos safe and sound."-He told Eumaius to say this
"'Son of Laertes and the gods of old, Odysseus, master of land ways and sea ways, dissemble to your son no longer now.the time has come: tell him how you together will bring doom on the suitors in the town."-Athena watches all this and Odysseus sees her. She approaches him and speaks (the others don't see this) and she said that quote
During this exchange, Telemachus' ship arrives in the city and the swineherd announces to Penelope her son's return. The suitors are confused and dumfounded. Eurymachus addresses them: "Friends, face up to it; that young pup Telemakhos, has done it; he made the round trip, though we said he could not.Well- now to get the best craft we can find afloat, with oarsmen who can drench her bows, and tell those on the island to come home."

Notes
While O and Eumaeus are making breakfast, T arrives. Eumaeus is very happy that T has reached Ithaca safely, and his feelings are as a father towards a son. T is happy to hear about Penelope and whether she still remains loyal to O or has already wedded another suitor. He meets O, but he doesnt know who he is. O questions T about the suitors and claims that he would have fought them if he had been O's son or O himself. T answers his questions and then asks Eumaeus to go to Penelope and let her know of his safe return. Eumaeus thinks that it would be good to let Laertes know as well. T agrees and asks the swineherd to tell Penelope to send a maid with this news to Laertes. Eumaeus leaves for the city.
Athena comes to the beggar O and touches him with her golden wand to bring him back to his earlier form. T is amazed at the metamorphosis and believes this stranger to be a god. O convinces him that he is not a god but is his father. There is a tearful reunion, and then father and son discuss the transgressions of the suitors and how they might be punished. Meanwhile, T's ship reaches the city and both T's herald and the swineherd together reach Penelope's place. The swineherd informs Penelope of T's arrival and the suitors are confused to learn that he is safe. Antinous comes back with his ship and tells his men that some god must have helped T in escaping death.
The suitors have a discussion of what to do about T. Penelope comes with them to try and convince Antinous not to kill her son. Eurymachus convinces her that T will come to no harm, but, in truth, he himself is plotting her son's death. She retires to her chamber. In the evening, Eumaeus comes back to O and his son, by that time Athena has already disguised O as a beggar again. T hears the plans of the suitors, but Eumaeus can only tell him about one of their ships that he had seen in the harbor. They then eat their supper together and go to sleep.

Book 15 notes and quotes

Quotes
The son of Nestor responds: "It is still night, and no moon. Can we drive now? We can not, itch as we may for the road home. Dawn is near; allow the captain of the spearmen, Menelaos, time to pack our car with gifts and time to speak a gracious word, sending us off. A guest remembers all of his days that host who makes provisions for him kindly."-
That night Eumaius and Odysseus eat again and Odysseus tests Eumaius to see if he is still hospitable by saying this: "At daybreak I must go and try my luck around the port. I burden you too long. Direct me, put me on the road with someone. Nothing else for it but to play the beggar."

Notes:
Athena goes to T, who is staying with Menelaus, and tells him to go back home to Ithaca to look after his estate. She also warns him about the suitors' plans to kill him on his way home. T wants to leave right away, but his friend who is traveling with him, Peisistratus tells him to wait until the next day, so they are not mean to there host(Menelaus). In the morning, T talks to Menelaus about his departure and he allows him to go right away he has been given really good expensive gifts and given his meal. Just before T and Peisistratus leave, an eagle carries a goose off from the farmy ard, and Helen thinks this as an omen of O's long-awaited return.

When they reach Pylos, T apologizes to Peisistratus for not having time to visit his father Nestor and asks him to help him get ready for his departure. At the docks, they meet Theoclymenus, a soothsayer, who asks T to help him by giving him place on his ship. T says yes, and Theoclymenus sails with T and his men back home.

At this point, the story changes back to the swineherd's hut at Ithaca (where O is pretenting to be a begger, who the begger talks of O) O tells Eumaeus that he wishes to go to the city to beg and perhaps visit O's house to become a servant. Eumaeus advises against this, saying that the suitors are violent and inhospitable. After further conversation, in which Eumaeus talks of O's parents and of his own origins, they go to bed for the night.
Meanwhile, T's' company reaches the Ithacan shore. T, obeying Athena's instructions, asks the men to go to the city while he plans to go to the herdsmen. As for Theoclymenus, T asks him to go to the suitor Eurymachus' house. At this point a hawk with a dove in its mouth flies by on T's right hand. Theoclymenus thinks this as an auspicious omen, and T now tells his friend Piraeus, who is part of his crew, to take Theoclymenus home and look after him. As the ship sails toward the city, T walks to the swineherd's dwelling.